The Soul Descartes And Locke Essays - Philosophy Of Mind

The Soul: Descartes And Locke Out of all the philosophers we have examined in this unit, Ren? Descartes (On Thinking and the Soul) presents the best argument about what a soul and body are. In contrast, I believe that Locke's interpretation of the body, mind, soul and self was my least favorite interpretation. Ren? Descartes believed the soul is a pure, unitary thinking thing that has no weight and occupies no space. The soul, according to Descartes, has clear and distinct ideas of matters that can be conceived of in mathematical terms. The body, according to Descartes, is a material thing that operates mechanically, in accordance of cause and effect. The body moves mechanically through muscles and nerves and generates its own heat. Identity, Descartes believed, comes from the soul. The body acts as a container for the soul and is completely separate from a person's identity. Descartes also believed that thoughts in the soul depend only on the soul and not on the body. Therefore, since the only thing that the sou l can do is think than he must be a soul. Locke believed that Descartes equation of the soul is completely false. Locke noted that if the soul left the body during sleep (Descartes) than it could body hop into other individual. This outcome of Descartes theory is completely absurd to Locke. Locke believed that the identity of a person comes from his/her body. According to Locke, the ?same soul? criterion used by Descartes won't do as an explanation. He believed that same matter could not be used as a criterion for human identity because matter in ones body turns over through the death of old cells and the birth of new ones. I agree with Descartes notion of self-identity because the soul is separate from the body. I believe that ones body is plagued with several particulars such as hair, arms, legs etc. The soul is a universal entity, meaning everyone has one. I disagree with Locke's account of the body as a person's identity because he believed that people could lose consciousness o r memory over parts of their lives. This lost part of someone's life would cause that person to change his/her identity. I believe that if the soul is the thinking agent and if it is universal, than it could not and would not lose consciousness or memory, causing a person to keep his/her original identity. Rather, when consciousness or memory is lost, it is lost due to the imperfections found in a person's material shell, the body I believe, thanks to Descartes, that a person has two separate entities. The first is the body. The body is made up of particulars and other matter that allows it to function like a container. The second entity is the soul. Here, all thinking processes are done, the function of the brain is to separate the sensations throughout the body. Psychology

Historical Dinner Party Completed Essays

Historical Dinner Party Completed Essays Historical Dinner Party Completed Essay Historical Dinner Party Completed Essay said each men to themselves quietly, l like this word. Mums then raised his glass of water in the air and yelled, To my Brose! and each men followed and they all linked their glasses together laughing heartily. This act surely began to break their awkwardness towards each other as they were all comfortable with each other now. After a few more moments of brotherly bonding, it was time to get serious so Rampages II spoke out among the men, My men, enough of this, I say we get down to business and begin our discussion on four of these events listed in this here Events Menu. Each men picked up the menu and began looking over the events from the time period of which they were given, the 1 sass to the present day, 1914. After some browsing, the men voted on their first vent. They chose to discuss the establishment of the Womens Trade Union League (WTLS) in 1903, which advocated for improved wages and working conditions in factories and workplaces for women. Rampages II spoke first. In a shocked tone, he spoke, I am most certainly surprised to find that Women are treated in such a way where they have to fight for their rights! They should already have those rights of which they are fighting for! The women of this country and any other county should be equal to men and should be treated just like men are. They should be treated no more differently than the men of today are. Back in Egypt, the women had just about the same rights that the men did. They were able to manage, own, or even sell their own private property which also included slaves, land, and livestock. I for one certainly approve of this movement and I am willing to join in if could. I demand for the women of this so called great country to have equal rights with men. Each men nodded in approval of Rampages Siss thoughts. My friend, said Mums, I for one completely agree with you. As a Muslim believe that women should in fact be treated better. The working conditions which they face in factories is just plain wrong. I believe that there should be a change in how women are treated in this sockeyes day and age. Our women should be cherished and kep t safe. The working conditions must be improved and they must obtain better wages. Oh how I wish I could help these women by improving the conditions of the factories tenfold with all my money, so they can work in better environments. Ah yes a fellow Muslim, rejoices Shah Johan, Salaam alike, my dear brother of Islam. Wa- alike salaam, brother, replies Mums with a smile. l for one fully agree with you my brother, Mums, continues Shah Johan. You include some very important factors. But if I may add, these women surely should not be fighting for their rights right now, because they should clearly already have them. It is such a pity that women are treated like this. Oh how times have clearly changed. Next up to speak was Castro, who seemed to have a creepy smile on his face. He he, you guys want know how many women lye gotten with over the years? A lot! Shah Johan disgusted replies, Well have you really ever loved a woman so much that you built a large and beautifully structured building to house her grave in? I think not, so shut up and get back on task. You want fight? replies Castro. No, says Shah Johan with a serious face. Thought so, you little punk! says Castro despite being filled with fear. Anyways, agree with Rampages II. Mean women have always been treated like this really its actually no surprise for me, but yeah women really need to be treated better because the way that society is god awful. Not only do they have to work in pips-poor conditions, but at the end of the day, they also have families to go back to. They have their own children to see and take care of, and their husband too. What a disaster it would be if one day a mother goes off to work and leaves her children at school, but would then ever come home because of a fatal injury at the factory leaving her dead, and leaving her children motherless. Oh what a cruel country this is. Also fully support these women for going out of their way and joining the labor force despite it not being much of a socially acceptable act. They really deserve these opportunities to work so they can show that they are just as hardworking and Strong as men. l am truly sorry to say this, began Sin Shih Hang, but I must disagree with each and every one of you fellows. Women clearly should not be working. Why else would there be men? Why should the omen take over the jobs of the men? Do men take over the jobs of women, and take care of the children and stay at home all day? No, dont think so. So why should women be able to do the jobs of men? Women are not fit to have the same jobs as men. They should definitely not be working. They should stay at home and take care of the children and cook food for their family O. End of story. Him, that is an interesting take Sin Shih Hang, replies Continual. l fully respect you for your thoughts, although I still think that the women should indeed have better rights, and should not be treated the way they are. They definitely need better working conditions and better wages because they too have families to take care of. Ah so that is what everyone thinks yes? said Mums. Well great! Each and every one of you did a wonderful job explaining your ideas, and they were area Ill well thought out too! However, now it is time for even more serious business What do you guys want for dinner? Let us take a look at our menus okay? With that, everyone began browsing through the tasty menu options which the restaurant had for dinner. Shah Johan and Mums both being of Islamic faith ordered a unique and ravishing hall dinner. Rampages II ordered a traditional Egyptian feast. Sin Shih Hang too ordered a traditional feast. However, both Continual and Castro ordered more modern and tasty dinners. Now that everyone has decided what they are going to have for dinner, we shall discuss another event while waiting for our unique and exquisite dinners. Let us pick! exclaimed Mums. After some deciding the six figures decided on discussing the new era of transportation which has begun on September 1st, 1897 with the first underground public transportation in North America, known as the subway, being opened in Boston, Massachusetts 1 . Rampages II was the first to speak again. I must say this new feat of transportation is truly magnificent. Oh how I wish had one of these back in Egypt. Rely would have been the most powerful person alive at that time. With this faster and more efficient way of transportation, it will surely be easier to travel to foreign regions and conquer them much quicker. This subway will also help travel to new lands much faster too. Yes, began Sin Shih Hang, not only will it help conquer lands much quicker, but it will also help unify countries much quicker by being able to travel to the other cities and/or towns much more rapidly. Oh how I wish these were around in my time so could have unified China much quicker than did. With the extra time would have saved from unifying quicker, I could have thought of ways to better my country even more! Marvelous! exclaims Mums, this is subway looks wonderful to have. Wish to buy on immediately with my wealth. Im sure it wont cost much as I am, in fact, the worlds richest man. This fine mode of transportation would have also been useful for when went on my wonderful pilgrimage with gold and resources and people so I could have gotten there much faster and easier! Yes subways will be very essential to everyones needs, says Shah Johan. l agree very much with what you guys say Rampages II and Sin Shih Hang. The subway would be very essential in conquering foreign lands, and in unifying countries together at a much more efficient rate. Also, it will become one of the best ways to transport goods and the like no doubt! People from all over the country will be able to have new and better resources with the subways bringing in all kinds of things from different parts of the country! They will surely cut travel time by more than half as well! What new places we would be able to explore! Yes I see where everyone is going with this, states Continual. The subway will very much improve transportation overall. People would be able to visit their family and friends all over the country at a much faster rate. Also not only that, but travel prices will surely be low as well so that even normal families and people can visit their loved ones possibly across the whole country for just a reasonable amount of money! This invention sure was revolutionary, states Castro as he was the only one among the five other figures who has ever rode on a subway. The subways really helped get people from one point to another such more efficiently than cars and buses ever did. The people loved the subways. They rode on them every day. People would often use them to go to work, and others used them to go to parks and schools and other places as well. It surely decreased normal travel time by car and bus by a lot. Everyone loved the subways. claimed Castro. So it seems that everyone agrees on the creation of the subway being a wonderful new invention, how splendid! But know something thats even more splendid! Ou r dinner is here! Let us all chow down on our magnificent dinners before continuing further with our lightly discussion. So as the historical figures ate away at their delicious dinners, they cracked some more jokes and bonded together even more. Ah that was quite the feast we had, said Sin Shih Hang with a stuffed tummy. l have never in my life tasted something as amazing as my dinner! Everyone else with stuffed tummies nodded as best they could, and with that Sin Shih Hang let out a huge burp, to which everyone laughed at, and to show their appreciation for his burp, they all let out even louder burps. My friends, started Continual, l believe it is time for us to pick our third event to issues. With that the friends picked up the Events Menu and began browsing for another event once again. This time the group decided to discuss the event which occurred on December 1 20th, 1898 which marked the end of the Spanish-American war which began on April 25, 1898. The Treaty of Paris was signed to end the war, and as a result, Spain had to reluctantly hand over their control over Cuba, Puerco Rice, the Philippines Islands, Guam, and other islands to the United States 213. Renames II began the discussion by stating, I believe this war was necessary because in order to solve spites and problems, we must go to war, and of course the winner will get what they Want. Here we can tell that the countries which Spain had control over wanted freedom and independence so in order for them to gain that independence, they had to go to war and fight for it, or else they would never achieve their goal. Yes countries should indeed take initiative and fight for their freedom to get what they desire. It is their only hope in getting what they want. However, they should really learn how to be more unified. If a country is not unified, then they will surely fall out of their power and they will rumble along with their cities. I understand what you guys are saying however, I must intervene and say that I disagree with you. War is not always the answer, pleads Mums. There are plenty of other routes which you can take to achieve your goal. With war comes the deaths of hundreds or thousands or even millions. This is not a pretty sight. Countries need to find better ways to settle disputes rather than risking innocent peoples lives. The lives of mothers and their c hildren and the elderly and brave men shouldnt be a cost of war. War will only ever bring violence amongst the nations peoples. It just isnt right. I hear you my fellow brother, begins Shah Johan. Most of what you are saying I must agree upon, however, sometimes it is better to go to war than do nothing at all and let your people die of hunger and let them be destroyed by the other nation attacking you. Sometimes when there is no other option, must you go to war. In the long run, though some lives will be lost, but once you win, it will benefit you by guaranteeing you that your people will survive and they will carry on remembering you and what you did for them, and what you did for the future of the nation, lectured Shah Johan. Personally was not happy with the outcomes of the war, exclaims Continual with deep hatred. My people and believed ourselves to be free, however, then everything changed when the United States attacked. The United States decided to buy my beloved country and take control of it. We were so close to our freedom but then it was all taken away. My people and I had to fight for our freedom once again. I was even captured by the Americans which ended up cutting my presidency short. It was a tough battle all of it, but now were just lucky to have our freedom and independence at last, sighs Continual in relief. My god, replies Mums in disbelief, you my friend have clearly had it rough. May Allah grant you and your people With long lasting independence and peace. You deserve it brother. Thank you very much Mums! Yes! exclaimed Castro, You see? Gondolas fight for freedom just proves that in order for countries to get what they want, they must obviously fight for it and strive towards their goal. You have to do what is best for your country no matter the costs at stake. You must make some sacrifices to achieve the best, and sometimes those sacrifices are drastic but you just goat do what you goat do. Him good, everyone had such great things to say to contribute to the discussion, said Mums with joy, you all did great explaining your thoughts, but you want know whats even more great? DESSERT YEAH!!! screamed Mums. WAHOO!!! they all screamed and cheered in excitement. Let us order Our desserts my friends! rejoiced Mums. WASSAILS! they all screamed again. The six historical figures who wer e thought to be wise old men, turned out to be little kids when it came to dessert. They all ordered the best ice cream money could buy them and if they did not have any money, Mums told them that he loud spot them. At first not knowing what ice cream was, Rampages Mums, Shah Johan, and Sin Shih Hang were going to order their traditional desserts, but then Castro and Continual informed them of the most wonderful delicacy known to man, ice cream. At first reluctant to try, the two persuaded the other four to try something new for once, and after some persuading they agreed. Now that we have ordered our desserts, let us choose our next and last event to discuss! exclaimed Castro. After a while the friends chose to discuss the presentation of the physicist Max Planck to the German Physical Society about his Quantum Theory, which is basically the theoretical basis of modern physics that analyzes the nature and behavior of matter and energy on both the atomic and subatomic level 15. Quick to respond, Rampages II awfully brain-hurt questioned, In all my life I have never heard of such gibberish before, however, despite not knowing what this means, it sounds pretty impressive. Applaud Planck for this great discovery of his, and surely his hard work had not gone to waste with this theory of his. Believe that education can enable one to go further on in what they believe. It will help them greatly with their lives, and help them achieve great things. said Rampages II. Yes education is very powerful, begins Sin Shih Hang, it can really help a person reach very great feats, such as this Planck person. We can see how much thought he has put into his research to come up with such a theory. With education, it can drive people to do great things. They will be able to do things no person has ever been able to do before, says Sin Shih Hang. Having knowledge and an education are one of the greatest things an individual can have, states Mums. With just a small drop of knowledge, one an achieve wondrous things in their lives. Everyone should have such an opportunity to learn and gain knowledge, it will benefit them in so many ways, in which they have never seen or heard of. This is why during my pilgrimage to Hajj, helped pay for and build many libraries, universities, and mosques so that the people in those regions could suck in the knowledge which they would gain from the universities 6. I only hope that they put their knowledge to the test and utilize it to help the people all around them, preached Mums. L totally agree with you my brother, said Shah Johan. What you say, Mums, is very true. It is truly a blessing to be able to obtain an education, and use it to help the world around you. People should have the right to gain knowledge no matter what. Planck is clearly very lucky to receive such an education in the field of science that he was able to come up with such a marvelous theory. What an amazing man he is. Yes education is very important as all of you have stated, said Continual. Without an education one will be held back from being able to accomplish great things in their lives. They wont have the chance to actually do something with their lives and actually make something of it as well. Mums, you speak wise words, my friend, stated Castro, everyone should be able to have an education no matter what. Education is important for each and every individual to have. It will help them succeed greatly in life 7. Having knowledge will help strengthen the mind and body to do great things. As we can see, Planck was able to come up with this theory due to his great mind being able to do conjure up such an elaborate discovery. I say we raise our glasses up to education and applaud this Planck fellow! Huzzah! yelled Castro. To education! they all yelled in unison. So I see that we can all agree upon the act that knowledge is power, and education is great, but the greatest thing Of all is ICE CREAM WHICH IS ON ITS WAY TOWARDS US!!! exclaimed Mums in excitement. YEASTS! the men yelled together. As soon as each and every one of the men got their plate affine ice cream, they quickly devoured it in a heartbeat and demanded for more. The men went at the ice cream again and again. They had ever tasted such a delicacy before. It was so good, that the men began to form tears of joy, but they didnt care, they were eating the best ice cream known to man. My men, now that have dined on the most amazing dinner and dessert ever, and we have finished discussing the events from the time period of the sass to the present day, 1914, I know of one more surprise in store, waiting for us, said Continual. As you all know, today is New Years Eve and lucky for us we are sitting in the right spot to witness the spectacular event which will occur in just a mere 10 minutes. You guys know what it is? What is it? The men all questioned. The ball drop in Times Square, my friends, Continual said with a smirk on his face. Come, let us go to the roof of this large building and witness the magnificent glory of the ball rope in Times Square, we have 9 minutes left, my friends. With that the group of friends went up to the roof of the building along with a whole lot more ice cream, and they chatted and cracked jokes and had fun al l while waiting for the ball to drop. Once it dropped, each men stared in awe at the beautiful and majestic flurry of confetti flying all over the sky. They all hugged each other and cried like men should and rejoiced very loudly. They were screaming at the top of their manly lungs, hoping to make the moments last until they each had to leave one-by-one sooner or later. Whilst yelling, the en began to notice that they were all vanishing and disappearing. Quickly as to not let any more time be wasted, the strong and powerful men each said there last farewell to each other. These farewells were also met with lots and lots of manly tears. Until next time. They said to one another as they felt themselves disappearing.

The Know-Nothing Party Opposed Immigration to America

The Know-Nothing Party Opposed Immigration to America Of all the American political parties in existence in the 19th century, perhaps none generated more controversy than the Know-Nothing Party, or the Know-Nothings. Officially known as the American Party, it originally emerged from secret societies organized to violently oppose immigration to America. Its shadowy beginnings, and popular nickname, meant it would eventually go down  in history as something of a joke. Yet in their time, the Know-Nothings made their dangerous presence known- and no one was laughing. The party unsuccessfully ran candidates for president, including, in one disastrous effort, former president Millard Fillmore. While the party failed at the national level, in local races the anti-immigrant message was often very popular. Adherents to the Know-Nothings strident message also served in Congress and at various local levels of government. Nativism in America As immigration from Europe increased in the early 1800s, citizens who had been born in the United States began to feel resentment at the new arrivals. Those opposed to immigrants became known as nativists. Violent encounters between immigrants and native-born Americans would occasionally occur in American cities in the 1830s and early 1840s. In July 1844, riots broke out in the city of Philadelphia. Nativists battled Irish immigrants, and two Catholic churches and a Catholic school were burned by mobs. At least 20 people were killed in the mayhem. In New York City, Archbishop John Hughes called upon the Irish to defend the original St. Patrick’s Cathedral on Mott Street. Irish parishioners, rumored to be heavily armed, occupied the churchyard, and the anti-immigrant mobs that had paraded in the city were scared off from attacking the cathedral. No Catholic churches were burned in New York. The catalyst for this upsurge in the nativist movement was an increase in immigration in the 1840s, especially the great numbers of Irish immigrants who flooded East Coast cities during the years of the Great Famine in the late 1840s. The  fear at the time sounded much like fears expressed about immigrants today: outsiders will come in and take jobs or perhaps even seize political power. Emergence of the Know-Nothing Party Several small political parties espousing nativist doctrine existed in the early 1800s, among them the American Republican Party and the Nativist Party. At the same time, secret societies, such as the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, sprang up in American cities. Their members were sworn to keep immigrants out of America, or at least to keep them segregated from mainstream society once they arrived. Members of established political parties were at times baffled by these organizations, as their leaders would not publicly reveal themselves. And members, when asked about the organizations, were instructed to answer, â€Å"I know nothing.† Hence, the nickname for the political party that grew out of these organizations, the American Party, formed in 1849. Know-Nothing Followers The Know-Nothings and their anti-immigrant and anti-Irish fervor became a popular movement for a time. Lithographs sold in the 1850s depict a young man described in a caption as Uncle Sams Youngest Son, Citizen Know Nothing. The Library of Congress, which holds a copy of such a print, describes it by noting the portrait is representing the nativist ideal of the Know Nothing Party. Many Americans, of course, were appalled by the Know-Nothings. Abraham Lincoln expressed his own disgust with the political party in a letter written in 1855. Lincoln noted that if the Know-Nothings ever took power, the Declaration of Independence would have to be amended to say that all men are created equal except negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics. Lincoln went on to say he would rather emigrate to Russia, where despotism is out in the open, than live in such an America. The Partys Platform The basic premise of the party was a strong, if not virulent, stand against immigration and immigrants. Know-Nothing candidates had to be born in the United States. And there was also a concerted effort to agitate to change the laws so that only immigrants who had lived in the U.S. for 25 years could become citizens. Such a lengthy residency requirement for citizenship had a deliberate purpose: it would mean that recent arrivals, especially the Irish Catholics coming to the U.S. in great numbers, would not be able to vote for many years. Performance in Elections The Know-Nothings organized nationally throughout the early 1850s, under the leadership of James W. Barker, a New York City merchant and political leader. They ran candidates for office in 1854, and had some success in local elections in the northeast. In New York City, a notorious bare-knuckles boxer named Bill Poole, also known as Bill the Butcher, led gangs of enforcers who would fan out on election days, intimidating voters.   In 1856 former president Millard Fillmore ran as the Know-Nothing candidate for president. The campaign was a disaster. Fillmore, who had originally been a Whig, refused to subscribe to the Know-Nothing’s obvious prejudice against Catholics and immigrants. His stumbling campaign ended, not surprisingly, in a crushing defeat (James Buchanan won on the Democratic ticket, beating Fillmore as well as Republican candidate John C. Fremont). End of the Party In the mid-1850s, the American Party, which had been neutral on the slavery issue, came to align itself with the pro-slavery position. As the power base of Know-Nothings was in the northeast, that proved to be the wrong position to take. The stance on slavery probably hastened the decline of the Know-Nothings. In 1855, Poole, the partys main enforcer, was shot in a barroom confrontation by a rival from another political faction. He lingered for nearly two weeks before dying, and  tens of thousands of spectators gathered as his body was carried through the streets of lower Manhattan during his funeral. Despite such shows of public support, the party was fracturing. According to an  1869 obituary of Know-Nothing leader James W. Barker in the New York Times, Barker had essentially left the party in the late 1850s and threw his support behind Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1860.  By 1860, the Know-Nothings Party was essentially a relic, and it  joined the list of  extinct political parties  in America. Legacy   The nativist movement in America did not begin with the Know-Nothings, and it certainly didn’t end with them. Prejudice against new immigrants continued throughout the 19th century. And, of course, it has never ended completely.

Introduction to Psycology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Psycology - Essay Example Psychology is an amalgamation of knowledge acquired either through theories read, through education and logical and scientific connection of mental operations and behavior or performance. It is an understanding developed through knowledge and skills to numerous areas of human activities, encompassing concerns of daily activities viz. education, actions, populace and their task, employment, association, involvement, relationship as well as the treatment of mental health difficulties (Psychology and Its Importance). All this can never be attained through common sense unless an individual go through a proper training and accomplish methodical and systematic knowledge. Common sense is developed when we experience a situation, and is a gradual process unless an individual witness it but the judgment and insight to grasp the circumstances is realized when we have an in-depth awareness and background information about the reaction of the situation posed. It is here the psychology plays the role. Even if one is not exposed to the similar situation in past but still have immense potential to tackle the situation and reach the solution; because psychology engage various sub-areas of study and relevance related with different aspects of human development, sports education, physical condition, business, media as well as the regulation, investigation from the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. Psychology is imperative as it engross the study of behavior and mental processes. Each and every action performed is very much related to or with psychology. Psychology, primarily studies who and what we are, why we are like that, why we act and think like that and what we could be as a person (Psychology and Its Importance). Psychology is approved to have a firm place in the treatment of various diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and some other Neurological diseases. Researchers are conducting studies to develop an understanding to treat the patients through psychotherapy apart from medicines to alleviate different illnesses. Moreover, psychology teaches us to control mind, uncontrolled and unguided mind will drag us down (Psychology and Its Importance). The processes of social and family relations, career development and political organization take on new meaning when comparing the environmental influences on behavior. In examining the impact of environmental influences, explain how culture impacts behavior. In particular, describe how the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures manifest themselves when considering these three processes. Explain how these differences affect personal identity and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these two cultural perspectives. Psychology aids in building and strengthening relationship making everyday lives better, it improve daily communication, through effective speaking, comprehending the actions and gestures, builds self confidence and hence enriches careers, by understanding co-workers and their behaviors and dealings (Psychology and Its Importance). Various literatures on the psychological significance contribute to our understanding of the exchange relationship between employees and their employer. (Thomas, 2003). Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between persons are loose: everybody is predictable to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Individuals belonging to this

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting Research Paper

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting - Research Paper Example diminishing amount of revenue in the past three years in the month of December to January and April to May as the fiscal year comes to an end with an average rate of 15% and the revenue collection amount is registered high in the month of December every fiscal year. From the table of distribution of revenue collection in each year, the observation reveals that the revenue collection has been growing each year from the past financial year. Thus, given that the revenue collection amount in the month of May has the pattern of decreasing by 15% from the collection of April, then the revenue amount that is likely to be collected on May of 2001 is expected to be 586,743 - (586,743*15%) = 586,743 – 88,011.45 = 498,731.55 makka. If the amount of revenue that is likely to be collected in May is 498,731.55 makka, the revenue collection for the fiscal year June 2000-May 2001 will amount to 940,975.1 + 967,098.4 + 841,267.5 + 874,308.1 + 887,091.4 + 936,090.7 + 1,304,961.7 + 714,981 + 575,115 + 583,592 + 586,743 + 498,731.55 = 5,200,214.95 makka. Thus, the ministry target of revenue collection of 778,900 makka, given the past revenue pattern, will fail to be realized and will be required to be reviewed to a target of 5,200,214.95 makka. The factor that may affect the pattern of the revenue collection in Vadar Republic can be an economic scenario in the overall state and in the region which includes the economic trend (Baumol and Blinder 389). During the different months within the budget cycle, different economic events might be happening in some months that boost the income level of the citizen and returns of businesses in that particular period. For instance, during the month of December the country registers the highest level of revenue collection. This could be contributed to the festive season that accompanies the month of December, which means a lot of people engage in activities that increase the revenue that businesses make. A high revenue on the part of the

Energy Is The Most Important Resources

Energy Is The Most Important Resources Energy is the most important of all resources, while sustainability concept is focuses on the long term survival of communities. The energy and sustainability had to be balance up. Ecological studies include the result of resource consumption and the technology systems have to move toward sustainability. Basically energy can be divided into renewable and non-renewable energy. Energy and sustainability had become an important aspect and current issue around the global. Energy is an important and essential to continuing the economic growth and generates the wealth of the country. Natural resources are one of the resources that human consume to generate the energy. But the most important issue is how technology can contribute to generating the solution maintaining sustainability. Energy production, primary and end-use of energy and quality of energy are the important aspect while discussing the energy resources and use. The main energy production mostly comes from fossil fuels, by converting them into a suitable final form of energy supply and used by the people. Other than that other energy sources such as thermal sources and hydroelectric sources and nuclear sources are being consumed by the nation. The quality of the energy, a well planning and strategies of use of energy is required in order for the energy in the planet to be sustainable. Furthermore the most important is the renewable energy sources must be develops and improves. On the other hand, the side effect of the consumption of the energy such as resource depletion, waste management, and the destruction of the environment must take into consideration. New Resource Sustainability involves practical recognition of the need for global and intergenerational equity, and sustainability is a necessary concept to focuses on the long-term survival of communities. In practice, sustainability involves social, political, economic, and environment aspects. The important of technology development is to increase the labor productivity and miniaturization. The quality of life, standard of living, and the latter had increasing the tension in the society. Due to the awareness of the limits to economic growth has focused attention on the ways of improving the quality of life, without increasing resource consumption. Engineers need to be participating in the associated debates, partly to ensure that they are well-founded technically. Energy Resources and Use Energy is the most important of all resources. The unlimited availability of fossil fuel can no longer be taken as given .Pricing of resources that look into account the cost of synthesizing them when economically viable resources have been depleted would see quite different approaches to energy policy. The resources used for the production of electricity are coal, natural gas, crude oil, nuclear, hydroelectric, and geothermal. The effectively use of limited resources is essential, because it able to minimizes the output of carbon dioxide and waste heat, both are potential threats to the stability of the biosphere. Coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear electricity are all associated with significant pollutants or hazardous byproducts. The resources are also nonrenewable, meaning that the world will, sooner or later, completely consume the energy source. Nuclear power supply is able to supply further fissionable material, but the technical and cost problem is still present, which seek to identify and take account of all the cost involved, including the environment impacts. Primary energy sources can be convenient for handling and stockpiling, and it may necessary to convert into other type of energy forms, in which they are finally used as end-use energy. Thermal energy can be produce in the form of work, or work output by subtracting any heat wasted or rejected from the heat input. In real situation process heat is wasted, so is a need to have a definition of efficiency that quantifies losses in the conversion process. The exergy of a system is the maximum amount of useful work that could be obtained from the system at a given state in the specified environment. The process is undertaken and work extracted until the output is maximized. The exergy destroyed is proportional to the entropy generated and is a measure of the irreversibility of a process. An important consideration when choosing the energy for any application is the energy quality. There are mainly three criteria to be considered. First is the ease of extracting the energy, second is the ease of transporting and storing the energy, last but not lease is the ease of transforming the energy from one form to another. In processing plants heat and the electricity is needed, the efficiency of the system can be increased by burning fuel to generate steam at higher temperature and pressure than is required by the process. Beside that some form of high-quality energy can be converted directly into electricity without use of a heat transformation cycle. Energy Use-Energy Information Administration The demand for end-use energy varies considerably with time. The pattern and degree of variability reflect geographical location and contain a random element relating to the weather. There is also variation corresponding to the hourly usage pattern. Basically electricity can be divided into relatively constant base load and highly variable peak load. Electricity cannot be store. One means of storing electrical energy is pumped storage. In thermal power station, when the demand of electricity is high, the water will allow to run down through turbines, and converting the potential energy into electricity. For most part, it is necessary to match electricity supply to demand by appropriate selection and running of generation plant. Gas turbines are particularly flexible in operation. They can run on oil and natural gas, and the fuel can be changed during running. Furthermore, the open cycle gas turbines do not need a supply of cold water for cooling. The gas turbine can be used with a steam turbine to produce a combined cycle lead to a very efficient unit. The gas turbine can withstand high combustion temperature, and the exhaust heat from the gas turbine is then used to raise steam for a steam turbine cycle. In marketing and other commercial analyses, environmental damage is often treated as an externality. As a result it tends to overused, because most economic decision are make by the operator of private companies that do not pay for environment benefits. Good energy planning is able to develop a mechanism that ensures that the environment damage is minimized and any damage that occurs is charged against the organization. Local decentralized energy system able to reduce energy lodes because smaller system have shorter lead times and respond more effectively to unexpected changes in demand pattern. Due to substantially increase in RD, a new generation of large turbo generators would be significantly more efficient in consumption of fuels, resulting in a reduction in green house effect. Least-cost planning is one of the methods that could be applied. It suggests that the cheapest way to meet energy needs is to open the market. Apart from that lifestyle changes is another factor that effect on energy consumption. Automobile engine efficiencies can be improved, and the mass of the vehicle must be reduced. Other than that less over lighting, overheating, and overcooling of buildings and the recuperation of waste heat in industry could further reduce electricity and oil consumption. Converting solid or gaseous fuels into liquid fuels involves high cost and creates large amounts of greenhouse gases. There has long been enthusiasm for solar energy-generated hydrogen as an ideal, sustainable energy source. The use of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation and power generation presumes an extensive supply infrastructure. The power alcohol from sugar or cassava is also possible supplements as an alternative to oil for transportation but the cost of production is double or three times than petroleum. Future energy policy will be influenced as much by the environmental factors and by security of supply consideration as by technical developments. Energy supply authorities should also make a mandate for conservation rather than promotion of energy use. Sources of Renewable Energy The main renewable energy sources used are biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. First the renewable energy hydropower is able to provide significant energy. Hydropower uses the energy of flowing water to turn the turbine, which rotates a generator to produce electricity. Wood leading biomass energy resources for power generation, because it is use as a boiler fuel in the lumber, pulp and paper industries. Furthermore, the municipal waste and agricultural waste plants are also the biomass generators. These plants use such diverse feedstock as sugarcane residue, rice hulls, rice straw, nut shells, crop residues, and pruning from orchards and vine yards. Passive solar energy for lighting and heating is probably the most effective energy sources. The passive solar energy system uses little mechanical hardware and required little or no electrical energy to respond. For simple application such as low and medium temperature water heating, space heating and commercial building the solar energy is use instead of fuel combustion. This able reduces costs and environment impact, provided the solar collectors are well design made. Furthermore, the electricity is able to generate in the solar thermal system that collect the thermal energy in solar radiation. Other than that direct conversion of solar energy to electricity is able to achieve by using the solid state photovoltaic cell. Wind energy had been used to pump water, grind grain and electricity generation. The best side to locate the wind turbine to generate electricity is in the mountain area. Wind turbine had been design in order to capture the windà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s energy, and usually the wind turbine mounted with two or three blade, and is mounted on the tower. To improve the turbine design, the blade have to be flex, and able to limit the speed of the blade. Ecological Studies Ecological studies include the result of resource consumption and the technology system come along, by looking into the need to move toward sustainability. Ozone layer is form by combination of 3 atoms of oxygen. In the stratosphere is make up 3km layer, and act as a layer to protect the living from ultraviolet radiation. Some chemical substances such as CFC are able to destroy the ozone layer, and causing the green house effect. The Earthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s atmosphere able to absorbs the infrared radiation that coming from the sun, but not the visible light. Due to the energy radiated out by the earth in these two bands is adsorbed in the atmosphere and this heat is than reradiated and reflected back to the earth keeps it warm. Stabilizing human population pressure and limiting human consumption of nonrenewable resources are essential steps in moving towards global sustainability. Currently the world is facing the large human popularity problem, such as in India, and China. The government of China had limits each family to have one child only. Soil degradation is another problem that created by human activities. The main causes of this problem were overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable agricultural practice. The destruction of the rainforest by building the hydroelectric power station has become an issue, deforestation had destroy the biological diversity natural habitat. Ecological problem such as soil degradation and rainforest destruction mostly cause by engineer. However as a creator of the problem, engineer should create solution by using technology to solve the problem. The disposal of radioactive and toxic material and also domestic, commercial, and industrial waste will be under the waste management category. All the domestic and industry waste need to be process separately. For example the plastic is separate from the waste stream, than sorting it, and finally only go to recycling. Sustainability The function of ecological sustainable development is to make the process of environment assessment become much wider as part of resource management, rather than each project is done individually. There are 5 sustainable development principle fix by the commonwealth government 1990. First is the integration of environmental and economic goal for all policy and activities. Second, ensuring that environmental assets are appropriately valued. Third, by providing for equity within and between generations. Fourth, dealing cautiously with risk and irreversibility. Fifth, recognizing the global dimensions and irreversibility. In order to counter the climate change problem, the country should adopt the national greenhouse response strategies. Cooperate between the government and industry is also needed. The Kyoto conference in 1997 target is to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of each country. Thing does not go as plan easily, many problem arise in which the constraints and requirements of available energy resources, ecological considerations, and the growth of the economy can appear to be mutually incompatible. Therefore the ecology, economics, and energy need to be reconciled as a ways to counter the problem. Conclusion As conclusion, both national and international levels should work together to develop the new technology to overcome the exciting problem. Engineers have a major responsibility for conservation of the natural and environment. On the other hand, industrial societies need to have a technology revolution that relies on renewable energy flows. Last but not lease, engineers should take the initiative to lead the interdisciplinary team to develop and move toward a sustainable environment.

Social Media Article Review

The social network where no one knows your name It’s a new social network called Social Number, lists users by a number, not by name. It's the latest and greatest thing in an ongoing debate about being online and anonymous. The CEO of the company sees it as a complement to open social networking. Users say they appreciate being able to talk freely without fear of being judged. You can discuss anything and everything. You have a message board that you post questions and other people on that website can respond to that thread.Social Number users say they find value in being able to openly talk about sensitive topics without worrying about alienating or offending anyone. You have a message board that you post questions and other people on that website can respond to that thread. I think this a good thing to have, where people can express their feelings without having feedback from other people that they know mainly so they don’t offend them. You can talk about how to deal with a bad boss, politics, jobs, friends, the ups and the downs of life al can be discussed here without having your name put on a social network.This is also good for people who want to vent and have other people’s opinion. Another good thing about this anonymous social network is that there is no bullying or threats. For some people expressing your political views on a social network will get attacked by people who are friends with them. As we all have a freedom of speech, I don’t believe that anyone should be ‘attacked’ because they have their own opinion. http://www. cnn. com/2013/01/29/tech/social-media/social-number-anonymous/index. html? hpt=li_c2